Wave and wind power generation

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a wave and wind power generation system including a platform ( 12 ) and one or more oscillating water columns (OWC&#39;s) ( 14 ) including an airflow control mechanism ( 50, 54 ), a controller ( 56 ) and a motion sensor ( 118 ) for detecting motion of the platform ( 12 ) and a controller ( 56 ) for causing control of the airflow control mechanism ( 50, 54 ) so as to at least partially arrest undesirable motion of the platform ( 12 ).

The present invention relates to floating power generation systems andrelates particularly but not exclusively to such systems havingstabilization control.

Offshore power generation which harnesses the power of the waves has thepotential to become a major source of energy and has been the subject ofmuch experimentation and development over the past forty or more years.Such systems harness the power of the waves either directly orindirectly and convert that energy into electricity which is thentransported to shore for subsequent use. The oscillating water column(OWC) has become a very popular method of converting wave energy intoelectrical power, whether as a shore-based, bottom-mounted or floatingdevice. Whilst there are many ways of harnessing the wave energy,virtually every OWC proposed or built in the last 20 years has one ormore Wells turbines which are driven by the pressurised air escapingfrom or entering the column as the water rushes in and out thereof. Thepopularity of the OWC has a great deal to do with the convenience withwhich the Wells turbine converts bi-directional airflows between wavechamber and atmosphere into unidirectional bursts of torque in thecoupling of the electrical generator. Moreover, during lulls in the seaor when the air velocity drops to zero during twice-per-wave flowreversal, the Wells turbine needs little power to stay rotating. SimplerWells turbines employ a set of fixed pitch blades and whilst theseprovide a generally very positive contribution to the creation ofelectrical energy the range of wave, and therefore airflow, conditionsover which a fixed blade Wells turbine operates with reasonableefficiency is severely limited by blade stall.

Typically, Wells turbines use symmetrical profile blades with theirchords in the plane of rotation and often produce positive torque onlyfor angles of incidence between 2 and 13 degrees. Below 2 degrees, inthe low air velocity operating area, the lift component is too small toproduce positive torque and the rotor tends to lose speed. At angles ofincidence above 13 degrees the blade section stalls. The rapidlyincreasing drag forces dominate the less rapidly declining lift forcesand efficiency is compromised. If, however, the blades are such as to beable to change pitch so as to prevent the angle of incidence exceedingsome maximum angle, for example 8 degrees, then it would producepositive torque at all angles of incidence above 2 degrees andefficiency would improve.

In operation, the water level oscillates up and down within the watercolumn as the crests and troughs of the waves pass through the watercolumn. If this oscillating water level is made to take place in astructural column opened at both ends, the air column above the wateroscillates in a similar manner and, thus, wave energy is therebyconverted into low pressure, high volume air flow. Energy is thenextracted from the moving air by a self-rectifying Wells turbine, inwhich rotation is unidirectional regardless in which axial direction airis flowing. In essence, the Wells turbine is essentially operated as awind or aero turbine. The working interface is therefore between waterand air, and air and rotor blades. The turbine reacts to the lowpressure air stream which is far less destructive than directlyabsorbing the powerful impact force of sea waves. The efficiency ofenergy transfer between the wave and the air is high if not total whilstthe energy transfer efficiency at the air/rotor blade is very muchdependent upon good design and efficient management of the energytransfer itself.

In some arrangements it is known to use a flywheel to keep the turbinespinning by virtue of momentum during times when the waves are weak. Itis also known to use two rotors in tandem configuration that rotate inopposite directions and are coupled to a common output. It is also knownto use the variable-pitch turbine for performance-enhancing reactiveloading by using the generator and turbine to pump bursts of energy intothe wave chamber itself.

It is also well known to extract energy from the wind by causing thewind to drive a wind turbine which is, typically, mounted as high on theplatform as possible so as to ensure it is exposed to the full force ofthe wind whilst being clear of any ground effect or interference createdby the platform itself. Whilst such turbines are relatively efficientand are able to extract large amounts of energy from the wind, thehigher efficiency turbines tend to have very large diameter blades andhence require very high platforms or towers upon which they can besafely mounted. On land this does not present a problem as the tower canbe firmly secured to ground but the security of fixture is somewhat moreproblematic when mounted to a floating platform which is subjected tothe motion of the waves. Any such motion causes the turbine to oscillatefrom a steady state condition and creates what can be adverse structuralloadings on both the turbine and the support tower itself. Some waterbased wind turbine arrangements are operated to take advantage of theforward and backward motion caused by the waves interacting with theplatform or floating column upon which it is mounted. In essence,forward motion creates an “apparent wind” to which the rotor blades areexposed and more energy can be extracted from the wind during anyforward motion of the blades than can be extracted when the blades areeither stationary or being rocked backwards. Whilst this additionalenergy extraction can be advantageous it has to be balanced against thestructural loading on the support tower upon which the turbine ismounted and this can be undesirably high in stormy sea conditions andmay lead to structural failure.

In addition to the above-mentioned problems, such platforms also sufferfrom adverse movement in up to six axes (roll, yaw, pitch, heave, swayand surge) whilst floating on what can be very choppy seas. Movement inany one or more axis will have an adverse affect on platform stability,structural loading and also power generation and is preferably reducedto a minimum in order to prolong platform life and energy extraction.Various systems have been proposed to stabilize the platform itself, oneof which is discussed in EP 0053458 in which the column of water in anOWC is arrested and released subsequently in an attempt atsynchronizing. Whilst the above arrangements provide very reasonablesolutions the power generation or stability problems, maximizing powergeneration can sometimes be to the detriment of structural loading orstability whilst maximizing stability can have an adverse effect onpower generation.

Yaw control is particularly important when attempting to stabilize amoored platform at sea and is not readily addressed by theabove-mentioned arrangements. Often the waves are of such power,magnitude and direction as to sway the platform around on its mooringswhich are then placed under additional strain which can be substantial.When mooring lines are also provided they can exert a corrective forceon the platform thus sending the platform into an oscillating motionwhich can be difficult to control and can sometimes be of a frequencythat matches another external force which when combined with the yawforce places the platform under excessive load. Some platforms aredesigned to face into the oncoming waves and are shaped such as toprovide a bow or other such feature but when such features are notpresent such platforms can become unstable in high sea states and thiscan also lead to severe strain being placed on the platform itself andany wind turbine structures placed thereon. This problem is exacerbatedby wind/tide conditions which place the wind at an angle relative to theoncoming wave.

The present invention attempts to reduce the disadvantages associatedwith the above-discussed arrangements by providing a floatable platformwhich is stabilized relative to the sea by manipulation and control ofthe power extracting apparatus and which also attempts to increase theefficiency of power generation whilst stabilizing the platform.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a floatable platformcomprising: a platform base; an oscillating water column; a motionsensor for determining the axial motion of said platform about one ormore axes; a stabilisation controller; and an air flow controlmechanism, for controlling the flow of air through the oscillating watercolumn; wherein said axis sensor is operably connected to saidstabilisation controller for transmitting axial motion data to saidcontrol and said control is operably connected to said airflow controlmechanism for controlling the flow of air through said oscillating watercolumn, thereby to at least partially stabilise said platform in one ormore axes. The airflow control mechanism may comprise a flow (pressure)valve for controlling the flow of air through the column. Alternatively,said airflow control mechanism may comprise an air driven turbine and acontrol mechanism for controlling the back pressure created therebywithin the column.

Advantageously, said platform is provided with two oscillating watercolumns, said oscillating water columns being positioned at oppositeends of said platform to each other and each being operably connected tosaid stabilisation controller for control thereby. Alternatively theplatform may comprise a plurality of oscillating water columns alongeach of said ends.

Alternatively or additionally, the platform may comprise two or moreoscillating water columns positioned at opposite sides of said platformto each other and each being operably connected to said stabilisationcontroller for control thereby.

Preferably, said displacement sensor comprises a multi-axis displacementsensor and monitors axial displacement in one or more of roll, pitch,yaw, heave, sway and surge of the platform.

Advantageously, said stabilisation controller includes a computer havinga software program operable to control the stability of the platform inaccordance with a pre-determined control strategy. Said controller mayinclude a feed-back loop.

Advantageously, said water column or columns further include a surgeprevention mechanism which in one arrangement comprises a floating balland means defining a restricted orifice having a diameter smaller thansaid ball. In another arrangement the surge prevention mechanismcomprises a floating plate having an external diameter and meansdefining a restricted orifice having a diameter smaller than that ofsaid plate. In a still further arrangement said surge preventionmechanism comprises a sliding plate valve having an actuator and meansdefining an orifice over which said plate valve is slid by saidactuator.

Preferably the platform further including a pressure sensor within oneor more oscillating water columns, said pressure sensor being operablyconnected to said stability controller for delivering pressure datathereto. Said pressure sensor may include a sensor on each side of awind turbine blade positioned therein, thereby to determine the pressuredifferential across the turbine.

Advantageously, the platform further including a water level sensorwithin one or more oscillating water columns, said level sensor beingoperably connected to said stability controller for delivering pressuredata thereto.

Advantageously, said platform further includes a wave sensor fordetermining the height, direction and frequency of waves, said wavesensor being operably connected to said stability controller fordelivering wave data thereto.

In one arrangement the platform includes a wind driven turbine andfurther including an RPM sensor for monitoring the speed of rotationthereof, said RPM sensor being operably connected to said stabilitycontroller for delivering rotational speed data thereto. When theplatform includes a wind driven turbine it may further including aVoltage and Current sensor for monitoring voltage and current output ofsaid generator, said sensor being operably connected to said stabilitycontroller for delivering Voltage and Current data thereto.

Preferably, said platform includes an excitation voltage controller forcontrolling the excitation voltage of said generator. Said controller ispreferably operably coupled to said stability controller for controlthereby.

Preferably, said platform includes a wind turbine and a tower upon whichsaid turbine is mounted, said turbine having a variable pitch propellerand a rotational mount upon which said turbine is mounted for rotationalmovement about a longitudinal axis of said tower. There may also beprovided a turbine yaw detector for detecting the angular position ofthe turbine relative to said tower, said yaw detector being operablyconnected to said stability controller for supplying yaw data to saidcontroller. There may also be provided a yaw actuator for varying theyaw angle of the turbine relative to said tower, said yaw activatorbeing operably connected to said stability controller for receivingactuation signals therefrom, thereby to vary the angular position ofsaid wind turbine relative to said tower.

Advantageously, said platform includes a wind monitor for monitoring thedirection and velocity of any wind approaching said platform, said windmonitor being operably connected to said stabilization controller forsupplying wind data thereto. The platform may also include a pitchcontroller for controlling the pitch of said rotor blades, said pitchcontroller being operably connected to said stabilization controller forreceiving control signals therefrom.

In one arrangement the platform further includes an anchor mechanism foranchoring said platform to an immovable object. said anchor mechanismpreferably comprises three or more anchor lines secured at a first endto an immovable object and at an otherwise free end to a powergeneration apparatus. There may also be provided one or more cabletension monitors for monitoring the tension in one or more of saidcables, said tension monitors being operably connected to saidstabilization controller for supplying tension information thereto.

In addition to the above, the platform may include one or more cablelength monitors for monitoring the length of one or more of said cables,said one or more cable length monitors being operably connected to saidstabilization controller for supplying length data thereto.

The present invention also provides a control method for controlling afloatable platform having a platform base; one or more oscillating watercolumns; a displacement sensor for determining the axial displacement ofsaid platform about one or more axes; a stabilisation controller; and anairflow control mechanism, for controlling the flow of air through theoscillating water column; the method comprising the steps of monitoringthe axial displacement of said platform relative to one or more axes andcontrolling the flow of air through said oscillating water columns inresponse to detection of a deviation from a desired axial orientation ofsaid platform, thereby to raise or lower a portion of said platformrelative to the water upon which it is floating and at least reducemovement in one of more axis. Said airflow control mechanism maycomprise a flow control valve and said method includes the step ofcontrolling the flow of air through said one or more columns so as tocause a portion of said platform to rise or fall relative to an adjacentportion thereof. Alternatively or additionally, the airflow controlmechanism comprises an air driven turbine generator wherein controlthereof comprises the steps of controlling the backpressure createdthereby within the column. When said airflow control mechanism comprisesa flow control valve and an air driven turbine generator the method mayinclude the step of controlling the flow of air through said one or morecolumns and the backpressure created by the turbine so as to cause aportion of said platform to rise or fall relative to an adjacent portionthereof. When said platform is provided with one or more horizontallyextending water columns said method may further includes the step ofcontrolling the flow of air through the water column for controlling theplatform in one or more of sway or surge. When said platform includes awind turbine having a yaw control mechanism said method may include thestep of controlling one or more of the pitch and the yaw angle of thewind turbine blades so as to correct for yaw motion of the platform.When said platform includes one or more cable anchors having powergenerators attached thereto said method may include the step ofcontrolling the paying in and paying out of said anchor lines thereby tocontrol the platform in one or more of yaw, sway and surge.

The method may include the step of altering the pitch and/or excitationvoltage of the air driven turbine within the oscillating water column inaccordance with a given control methodology.

The method may also include the step of altering one or more of the windturbine rotor blade pitch and/or excitation voltage of the wind turbinegenerator in accordance with a given control methodology.

When said platform includes a computer having a software programmehaving a control algorithm said method may include the step ofcontrolling one or more of the air pressure within one or moreoscillating water columns, the yaw and pitch angle of one or more bladesof a wind turbine and/or the paying in and paying out of one or moreanchor lines.

The present invention will now be more particularly described by way ofexample only with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a plan view of a platform according to the present inventionand illustrating the juxtaposition of the wind turbine and the watercolumns;

FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view in the direction of arrows A-A in FIG.1 and better illustrates the association between the water columns andpower generation systems associated therewith;

FIG. 3 is a side elevation of the platform shown in FIG. 1 andillustrates various degrees of movement thereof;

FIG. 4 is a plan view of the tower and wind turbine arrangement andillustrates the corrective loading reaction force that can be applied tocorrect for platform yaw;

FIGS. 5 to 7 illustrate in more detail three alternative oscillatingwater column arrangements;

FIG. 8 is a plan view of the platform and illustrates an arrangement forstabilising the platform relative to a more secure structure, such asthe seabed;

FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic representation of a control system used in theabove-mentioned arrangements;

FIG. 10 is a further cross sectional view of the platform of FIGS. 1 to3 and illustrates various options for the positional relationship of thewater column and the turbines positioned thereon; and

FIG. 11 is a graph of oscillation frequencies.

Referring now to the drawings in general but particularly to FIG. 1, itwill be appreciated that a platform 10 according to the presentinvention comprises a base 12 within which may be provided a pluralityof oscillating water columns (OWC's) shown diagrammatically at 14 andupon which may be provided a wind turbine shown generally at 16 andbeing rotatable about axis A. In various arrangements one or more orboth of the OWC's and wind turbine may be provided. When floating onwater and exposed to the motion of the waves and other influences theplatform can move about three axis in one or more of six ways (pitch,roll, yaw, sway, surge and heave), all of which are discussed in detaillater herein but each of which are marked with appropriate arrows (P, R,Y, Sw, Su and H) throughout the drawings. The OWC's may be provided inthe singular, matched pairs at opposite extremities of the platform orin multiples thereof positioned at appropriate positions within theplatform depending upon the function to which they are to be allocated.As discussed above, OWC's are well known for use in generating powerfrom the motion of waves passing under such platforms. Such columnsgenerally comprise an axially extending tube 18 exposed at one end 20 tothe water beneath the platform and having at an otherwise free end 22 anair powered turbine generator system often provided in the form of, forexample, a Wells turbine 24. Such turbines have a fixed or a variablepitch rotor 26 and are “bi-directional” in that the generator portionthereof 28 turns in the same direction regardless of the direction ofthe rotor portion 26. Such turbines lend themselves well to use in OWC'sas an air column positioned above the water column within the tube 18 isforced up and down past the turbine blades as the level of water risesand falls with the passing waves and this motion turns the blades inopposite directions. The wind turbine portion of the arrangement 16 isgenerally mounted on a tower 32 best seen in FIG. 3 and includes a drivemechanism 34 for altering the angular position θ (FIG. 4) or directionof the rotor blade 36 relative to the platform base 12 and this isnormally used to position the rotor directly into wind so as to capturethe maximum amount of wind energy. Such wind turbines also include avariable pitch propeller arrangement 38 and a control system 40 foraltering the pitch thereof.

Thusfar, we have described a conventional OWC and wind turbinearrangement. The present invention improves on the above-arrangements ina number of ways, each of which will be discussed in detail below.

One of the first improvements that the present invention provides is theform of stabilization of the platform within which the OSC's arepositioned. In this context the present arrangement is provided with anair flow control mechanism 50 which, in one arrangement, comprises anairflow control valve 52 (FIG. 5) and in another arrangement comprises asystem 54 for controlling the pressure drop across the air driventurbine blades 26, both of which will be described in detail laterherein. The airflow control mechanism 32 is operated and controlled froma computer 56 having a software programme 58 including an algorithm 60for reactive or adaptive control of the control mechanism according to apre-determined control strategy or an adaptive control strategy, each ofwhich are also described in more detail later herein. The airflowcontrol mechanism is controlled in order to control the flow of airthrough the OWC's and thus control the stability of the platform in oneor more of Pitch, Roll, Surge and Sway. Control of yaw is facilitated byaltering the angle of the wind turbine 16 relative to the platform base12, again as will be described further later herein. An additionalcontrol function can be implemented to control or further control thepitch of the platform 12 by altering the pitch angle of the rotor bladesof the wind turbine 16 or altering the electrical load on the generator64 associated therewith. Again, this control is implemented via thecomputer and will be described in more detail later herein.

Referring now to FIGS. 5 to 7 from which it can be seen that the OWC'scan be provided in a number of different forms. The example of FIG. 5illustrates an arrangement in which the water column 64 supports afloating ball 66 which, in operation, is driven up and down the columnas the water rises and falls in accordance with the height of anypassing wave. Positioned towards the top of the column is a restrictiveorifice 68 formed by projections 70 shaped and positioned such as toprevent the ball 66 passing therethrough. In the event of the watercolumn rising too far up the chamber the ball closes off the orifice andprevents water from entering the turbine blade section in which it cancause overloading of said blades and damage to them and the generatorsystem through shock loading. Towards the top of the column is anairflow control valve 52 linked for control thereof to actuator 72 whichis, in turn, linked to controller 56 for operation as described later.An alternative arrangement is shown in FIG. 6 in which the floating ball66 is replaced by a floating plate valve 74 and projections 76 whichform a restrictive orifice 54 through which said plate valve 60 can notpass. Operation is as described above and is not, therefore repeatedherein. Whilst not necessary in all applications, the arrangement mayalso include an airflow control valve 52 and actuator as describedabove. A third arrangement is illustrated in FIG. 7 in which a slidingplate valve 76 and actuator 78 are employed to obviate orifice 54defined by restricting projections 80. Again, valve 52 and actuator 72may be employed if so desired. Shown in each of drawings 5 to 7 arepressure sensors 82 for sensing the air pressure within the column. Suchsensors may be provided in pairs 82 a, 82 b on either side of the rotorblades 26 so as to determine the pressure drop thereacross. Eachpressure sensor is operably connected via line 90 to the stabilitycontroller 56 for delivering pressure data thereto. Within each OWCthere is also provided a water level sensor 92, each of which is alsooperably connected via line 94 to controller 56 for delivering waterlevel data thereto. Other sensors provided within the system include awave sensor 96 (FIG. 3) for monitoring the frequency and height ofincoming waves and a wind sensor 98 for determining the wind speed,variation and direction. Each of these sensors are connected by lines100, 102 to said controller for providing wave and wind data thereto.The wind turbine 16 is provided with an RPM sensor 104 and an angularposition sensor 106 for determining the speed of rotation of the rotorblade and the angular position of the rotor relative to the base portion16. Again, each of these sensors is connected to the controller 56 vialines 112, 114 (FIG. 9) for providing data thereto. Each of the airdriven generators 28 within the OWC's and the wind turbine 16 areprovided with Voltage and Current monitors and controllers shownschematically at 116 and 118 respectively and being linked by lines 96and 98 respectively for transmitting Voltage and Current data theretoand for receiving control signals therefrom for controlling thegenerators themselves. Each controller 112, 114 is preferably configuredto control the excitation voltage of each generator.

The skilled reader will appreciate that the OWC's may be provided in thesingular, in pairs, around the periphery of a platform, along one ormore edges, within the core of the platform or any combination thereof.Additionally, the OWC's may be operated individually, in pairs or ingroups so as to assist with the stabilisation/power generationrequirements. When operating in pairs, it has been found that operation(control) of pairs placed diametrically opposite to each other isadvantageous as the OWC's can be used in a “cross-linked” mannerallowing date from one OWC to be used when controlling another or twoOWC's to be controlled based on data from two or more OWC's or othersensors. Other arrangements will present themselves to those skilled inthe art and throughout the present description reference to single OWC'sshould be considered as a reference to one or more such devices.

Central to the control system described above is a motion sensor 118 ofFIG. 3 able to detect motion in the form of displacement, accelerationor movement in or about any one of one or more axes X, Y, Z so as todetermine the degree of pitch, roll, yaw, sway, surge and heave as andwhen necessary in order to provide the controller 56 with motion datafor subsequent use in control processes. Such devices are well known inthe art and are, therefore, not described further herein save to saythey may comprise a simple solid state device sensitive to motion oracceleration in any one of one or more axes and generally provide adigital or analogue output proportional to the measured motion which maybe transferred to the controller 56 in the usual manner. Preferably, thesensor 118 is positioned close to the centre of the platform base 12 soas not to experience excessive motions but it may be positioned anywhereon the platform or even the tower 32 itself.

The readers attention is now drawn to one final stability/powergeneration arrangement of the present invention which is shown in FIG. 8in which the base 12 is provided with an anchor mechanism showngenerally at 120 comprising three or more anchor lines 122 secured at afirst end to an immovable object 124 such as the sea bed and at anotherwise free end to a power generation device 126 which will bedescribed in more detail shortly. The arrangement is provided with atension monitor 128 for monitoring the tension in each line and thisdata is fed to controller 56 by data lines 130 to 136 (FIG. 9). Thegenerator 126 provides an anchor point for the line and a drum 138located on the shaft of said generator acts to store an amount of lineand accommodate “paying in” and “paying out” of said line as and whenrequired. The generators each includes a Voltage and Current monitor 140and controller 142 for monitoring the Voltage and Current and forcontrolling the generator in the manner described above in relation tothe wind and OWC generators. Data and instructions may be provided tothe controller 56 and received therefrom via lines 130 to 136. It willbe appreciated that as the platform moves in synch with any wave or windforce acting thereon the cables will wind on and off the drums thuscausing the drum to rotate and turn the generator with it and thusgenerate electrical power. The amount of power generated will varydepending upon the control of the generator and the amount of tensionthe individual lines experience. The electrical load may be altered orcontrolled as described above in order to maintain a given tension onthe line (and hence platform stability) or may be used to control thetension and platform stability within given tolerances.

The reader's attention is now drawn to FIG. 9 which illustrates thecontrol system that may be employed with the arrangement describedherein. It should be noted that one or more of such control systems maybe employed and said control systems may be employed to operate inparallel, in which case they are each provided with all inputs andcontrol outputs and act as back-up systems to each other. Alternatively,each of multiple control systems may be employed to control one or moremovement of the platform. One arrangement a singular control system maybe provided for yaw control whilst a further may be provided forplatform stability. Referring now more particularly to FIG. 9, it willbe appreciated that the multiple inputs from each of the sensors ordetectors 82, 92, 96, 104, 106, 112, 114, 116, 118 and 140 are fed viallines 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 112, 114, 130, 132, 134 and 136 tocontroller 56 having a software programme 58 including (if desired) analgorithm 60 for reactive or adaptive control of said platform. Amultiplexer or other such device 150 may be employed to combine thesignals or inputs. The controller operation is described in detail inother portions of this document so is not further described here save tosay that it may employ a feedback control loop shown schematically byarrow 152. Once the input date has been analysed and considered by thecontroller a control output is provided via line 156 to signal processor158 (if desired) and then to data/control lines before being supplied tothe various controllable elements for control thereof so as to controlthe platform within the desired set control limits.

FIG. 10 shows slightly different arrangements of the OWC in which thecolumn exit is positioned at the edge of the platform 12 a rather thanthe base thereof. Such arrangements allow for the use of side impact ofany waves in the generation of power/for stabilisation control. Thecolumn 18 a is shown as a straight column angled relative to the edgewhilst column 18 b is a smooth curve arrangement.

Referring now to FIG. 11 which is a graphical representation of a numberof the various forces that the platform will experience, it will beappreciated that the magnitude and direction of the forces, loads andmotions discussed above may vary and may act in phase or out of phasewith each other. For reasons of clarity we illustrate just three forcesnamely wave force W_(A) mooring yaw force M_(Y) and wind gust forceW_(G) although any one of the forces monitored by the various sensorsmay be incorporated into the system. Each of these forces will have afrequency (F₁, F₂ and F₃) which might remain substantially constant inthe case of wave frequency or may vary dramatically in the case of windgust frequency. In practice it is possible for the various forces tocombine together in certain circumstances and, if so, the resultantforce can be greater than the design maximum allowed for the structureor stability requirements and must be avoided. The magnitude, frequency(F₁ to F₃) and rate of change of each force is fed to the controller 56and analysed thereby and the magnitude, rate and displacement from agiven stable position determined for any given moment in time. Thecontroller has a primary responsibility to maintain the stability of theplatform within given boundaries but whilst doing so also operates tomaximise or at least optimise the combination of stability and powergeneration. There are some degrees of motion that are best eliminated inorder to maximise stability and power generation and other degrees ofmotion that may be accommodated as they are within the design orstability tolerances of the platform itself. One of the functions of thecontroller 56 is to receive all the motion and force data and causeinitiation of stabilization control according to a pre-determined set ofrules or an adaptively learnt set of rules stored within a look up tableor memory, written into an algorithm or otherwise available to thecontroller. Of particular importance is the provision of a monitoringfunction which monitors each of the forces and initiates control as andwhen necessary in order to avoid the combined effect of multipleexternal forces. In this arrangement control to dampen down movement inone or more directions is initiated in a predictive manner so as toavoid excessive loading created by the combined forces. Such a“predictive” system would assist with the elimination of frequencies offorces which might combine together to create a frequency matching thatof the resonant frequency of the platform or structure itself. Variouslimits may be selected so as to define an “envelope” of operation. Onesuch limit might be the maximum acceleration of the wind turbine at thetop of the mast as any excessive acceleration could place unacceptableloads on the tower and turbine itself. Another might be the maximumangle of pitch or rate of pitch change whilst a still further limitwould be the maximum degree of roll and roll rate. Indeed, each andevery one of Pitch, Roll, Sway, Yaw, Surge and Heave may have a maximumvalue and a maximum rate of change that is incorporated in the system soas to define the “envelope” of control parameters. When maximum platformstability is required one need only to alter the control criteria so asto limit the degree of movement from a relatively flat and stableposition upon the sea so as to ensure corrective stabilization action istaken whenever necessary. In some other arrangements it may well beacceptable to allow a higher degree of motion and, indeed, one can insome instances make very good use of such motion. One example would bethe pitching of the platform forwards and backwards into and out of thewind driving the wind turbine. One can extract more energy from the windas the turbine and blades pitch forward as the blades themselvesexperience both the real and the apparent wind which, in combination,provide a higher energy opportunity. If the pitch of the blades or theloading on the turbine generator is altered accordingly, the blades willnot only extract more energy from the wind but they will also providemore resistance to the wind and this can be used as a reactive forcehelping balance or stabilise the platform itself. Such control is ofparticular advantage when trying to extract maximum energy from the windwhilst accepting less stabilization of the platform. The control of airthrough the OWC's can also be used to stabilise the platform and/oroptimise power or indeed maintain stability within acceptable limitswhilst optimising power generation. In operation the air control valveor the pressure drop across the turbine blades is controlled to increaseor decrease the air pressure within any associated column such as tocause the portion of the platform adjacent thereto to rise or fallrelative to adjacent portions of the platform by virtue of the upwardforce created by the air pressure itself. When the side entry OWCarrangements of FIG. 10 are employed these may be employed to goodeffect to control both sway and surge as water entering these columnswill be used to generate power as opposed to reacting against the sideof the platform and inducing sway or surge motion.

Another area of stability control resides in Yaw control. Whilst thismay be achieved by prudent control of the anchoring cables andgenerators associated therewith, it may also be achieved by altering theangular relationship between the wind turbine and the tower/base uponwhich it is mounted. In this aspect the yaw sensor is used to detect yawof the platform and an output is fed to the controller which operatesaccording to the pre-defined or adaptive control provided therein toinitiate control over drive mechanism 34. The mechanism is actuated soas to angle the rotor at an angle θ and create a sideways force Fy (FIG.4) which acts to sway the platform around its vertical axis A so as tocorrect any detected yaw in the platform. This control may be providedindependently of any other control or in combination therewith and ispreferably operated dependent upon data received from more than just theyaw sensor so as to allow for “intelligent” control which accommodatesmovement or alterations happening in other directions other than yaw andaccommodates or controls according to predicted movements that can bepredicted by, for example, monitoring changes in wind or waveconditions.

From the above discussion it will be appreciated that each of thecontrollable elements of this arrangement (OWC's, wind turbine and cableanchors) may be operated either independently or in combination with oneor more of the remainder. Indeed, the controller 56 itself being inreceipt of all the motion, wave, wind, electrical load, RPM and otherinformation may employ this data to good effect to control one or moreof the controllable elements in order to maximise stability inpreference to power generation, maximise power generation whilst keepingstability and mechanical loads within accepted limits or some compromisebetween these two limits. Additionally, as a number of the controllableelements will, when controlled, have an affect on more than just onemotion, each may be used in combination to tackle individual or compoundmotions.

1.-41. (canceled)
 42. A floatable platform comprising: a platform base;an oscillating water column; a motion sensor for determining the axialmotion of said platform about one or more axes; a stabilisationcontroller; and an air flow control mechanism, for controlling the flowof air through the oscillating water column; wherein said axis sensor isoperably connected to said stabilisation controller for transmittingaxial motion data to said control and said control is operably connectedto said airflow control mechanism for controlling the flow of airthrough said oscillating water column, thereby to at least partiallystabilise said platform in one or more axes and wherein said airflowcontrol mechanism comprises a flow (pressure) valve for controlling theflow of air through the column.
 43. A platform as claimed in claim 42wherein said airflow control mechanism comprises an air driven turbineand a control mechanism for controlling the back pressure createdthereby within the column.
 44. A platform as claimed in claim 42 andhaving two oscillating water columns, said oscillating water columnspositioned at opposite ends of said platform to each other and eachbeing operably connected to said stabilisation controller for controlthereby, said oscillating water columns being positioned at oppositeends of said platform to each other and each being operably connected tosaid stabilisation controller for control thereby.
 45. A platform asclaimed in claim 42 and comprising a plurality of oscillating watercolumns along each of said ends.
 46. A platform as claimed in claim 42and having two oscillating water columns, said oscillating water columnspositioned at opposite sides of said platform to each other and eachbeing operably connected to said stabilisation controller for controlthereby.
 47. A platform as claimed in claim 42 and comprising aplurality of oscillating water columns along each of said sides, saidoscillating water columns being positioned at opposite sides of saidplatform to each other and each being operably connected to saidstabilisation controller for control thereby
 48. A platform as claimedin claim 42 wherein said displacement sensor comprises a multi-axisdisplacement sensor.
 49. A platform as claimed in claim 42 wherein saidmulti-axis displacement sensor monitors axial displacement in one ormore of roll, pitch, yaw, heave, sway and surge of the platform.
 50. Aplatform as claimed in claim 42 wherein said stabilisation controllerincludes a computer having a software program operable to control thestability of the platform in accordance with a pre-determined controlstrategy.
 51. A platform as claimed in claim 42 wherein saidstabilisation controller includes a feedback control.
 52. A platform asclaimed in claim 42 wherein said water column or columns further includea surge prevention mechanism.
 53. A platform as claimed in claim 52wherein said surge prevention mechanism comprises a floating ball andmeans defining a restricted orifice having a diameter smaller than saidball.
 54. A platform as claimed in claim 52 wherein said surgeprevention mechanism comprises a floating plate having an externaldiameter and means defining a restricted orifice having a diametersmaller than that of said plate.
 55. A platform as claimed in claim 52wherein said surge prevention mechanism comprises a sliding plate valvehaving an actuator and means defining an orifice over which said platevalve is slid by said actuator.
 56. A platform as claimed in claim 42and further including a pressure sensor within one or more oscillatingwater columns, said pressure sensor being operably connected to saidstability controller for delivering pressure data thereto.
 57. Aplatform as claimed in claim 56 wherein said pressure sensor includes asensor on each side of a wind turbine blade positioned therein, therebyto determine the pressure differential across the turbine.
 58. Aplatform as claimed in claim 42 and further including a water levelsensor within one or more oscillating water columns, said level sensorbeing operably connected to said stability controller for deliveringpressure data thereto.
 59. A platform as claimed in claim 42 and furtherincluding a wave sensor for determining the height, direction andfrequency of waves, said wave sensor being operably connected to saidstability controller for delivering wave data thereto.
 60. A platform asclaimed in claim 42 including a wind driven turbine and furtherincluding an RPM sensor for monitoring the speed of rotation thereof,said RPM sensor being operably connected to said stability controllerfor delivering rotational speed data thereto.
 61. A platform as claimedin claim 42 including a wind driven turbine and further including aVoltage and Current sensor for monitoring Voltage and Current output ofsaid generator, said sensor being operably connected to said stabilitycontroller for delivering Voltage and Current data thereto.
 62. Aplatform as claimed in claim 42 and having a wind driven generator andincluding an excitation voltage controller for controlling theexcitation voltage of said generator.
 63. A platform as claimed in claim42 and having a wind driven generator and including an excitationvoltage controller for controlling the excitation voltage of saidgenerator wherein said excitation voltage controller is operably coupledto said stability controller for control thereby.
 64. A platform asclaimed in claim 42 and including a wind turbine and a tower upon whichsaid turbine is mounted, said turbine having a variable pitch propellerand a rotational mount upon which said turbine is mounted for rotationalmovement about a longitudinal axis of said tower.
 65. A platform asclaimed in claim 42 and including a wind turbine and a tower upon whichsaid turbine is mounted, said turbine having a variable pitch propellerand a rotational mount upon which said turbine is mounted for rotationalmovement about a longitudinal axis of said tower including a turbine yawdetector for detecting the angular position of the turbine relative tosaid tower, said yaw detector being operably connected to said stabilitycontroller for supplying yaw data to said controller.
 66. A platform asclaimed in claim 65 including a yaw actuator for varying the yaw angleof the turbine relative to said tower, said yaw activator being operablyconnected to said stability controller for receiving actuation signalstherefrom, thereby to vary the angular position of said wind turbinerelative to said tower.
 67. A platform as claimed in claim 42 includinga wind monitor for monitoring the direction and velocity of any windapproaching said platform, said wind monitor being operably connected tosaid stabilization controller for supplying wind data thereto.
 68. Aplatform as claimed in claim 64 including a pitch controller forcontrolling the pitch of said rotor blades, said pitch controller beingoperably connected to said stabilization controller for receivingcontrol signals therefrom.
 69. A platform as claimed in claim 42 andfurther including an anchor mechanism for anchoring said platform to animmovable object.
 70. A platform as claimed in claim 69 wherein saidanchor mechanism comprises three or more anchor lines secured at a firstend to an immovable object and at an otherwise free end to a powergeneration apparatus.
 71. A platform as claimed in claim 69 wherein saidanchor mechanism comprises three or more anchor lines secured at a firstend to an immovable object and at an otherwise free end to a powergeneration apparatus and said platform includes one or more cabletension monitors for monitoring the tension in one or more of saidcables, said tension monitors being operably connected to saidstabilization controller for supplying tension information thereto. 72.A platform as claimed in claim 69 wherein said anchor mechanismcomprises three or more anchor lines secured at a first end to animmovable object and at an otherwise free end to a power generationapparatus and further includes one or more line length monitors formonitoring the length of one or more of said lines, said one or moreline length monitors being operably connected to said stabilizationcontroller for supplying length data thereto.
 73. A control method forcontrolling a floatable platform having a platform base; one or moreoscillating water columns; a displacement sensor for determining theaxial displacement of said platform about one or more axes; astabilisation controller; and an airflow control mechanism, forcontrolling the flow of air through the oscillating water column; themethod comprising the steps of monitoring the axial displacement of saidplatform relative to one or more axes and controlling the flow of airthrough said oscillating water columns in response to detection of adeviation from a desired axial orientation of said platform, thereby toraise or lower a portion of said platform relative to the water uponwhich it is floating and at least reduce movement in one of more axis.74. A control method as claimed in claim 73 wherein said airflow controlmechanism comprises a flow control valve and said method includes thestep of controlling the flow of air through said one or more columns soas to cause a portion of said platform to rise or fall relative to anadjacent portion thereof.
 75. A control method as claimed in claim 73and wherein the airflow control mechanism comprises an air driventurbine generator wherein control thereof comprises the steps ofcontrolling the backpressure created thereby within the column.
 76. Acontrol method as claimed in claim 73 and wherein said airflow controlmechanism comprises a flow control valve and an air driven turbinegenerator wherein said method includes the step of controlling the flowof air through said one or more columns and the backpressure created bythe turbine so as to cause a portion of said platform to rise or fallrelative to an adjacent portion thereof.